3:2:2:9 Using ibid. and op.cit.
Mr. Wilson: You will often see the terms ibid. and op.cit. used in footnotes. These allow you to refer to an item again and again without the need to repeat the full reference each time. All you add after the initial reference is the different page numbers.
NB. You should only use ibid. and op.cit. where an item is referred to several times within a reasonably short period of text - you can not expect your reader to look back through more than a couple of pages to locate the original reference. If your work is split into chapters, reference the work again fully the first time it is cited in a new chapter.
| Ibid.
Ibid. means - in the same book or passage and is used when references to the same item are consecutive e.g.:
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
- Ibid. p24.
- Ibid, p38.
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| Op.cit
Op.cit. means - in the work previously referred to and is used when you have referred to other items since the last time you referenced a particular work e.g.:
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
- Andrews, M., (2002). Using technology in your presentation. In: White, L. and Davids, E. eds. Enhancing your presentation. London: Sage. pp91-104
- Cornish, W. op.cit. p35.
If you think it is necessary you could also include the title of the book in the op.cit. reference, e.g.:
Cornish, W. Intellectual property, op.cit.
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After an op.cit reference, you can return to using ibid if you continue to reference the same publication without a break:
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
- Andrews, M., (2002). Using technology in your presentation. In: White, L. and Davids, E. eds. Enhancing your presentation. London: Sage. pp91-104
- Cornish, W. op.cit. p35.
- Cornish, W. ibid. p88.
- Andrews, M. op cit. p94.
- Andrews, M. ibid. p99.
| Alternative suggestions to op.cit
Most academic writing uses op.cit. and ibid. and you are advised to master that if you can. If not, then an alternative is to repeat the author and title reference but not duplicate publisher etc:
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. pp1-6.
- Cornish, W. (2003). Intellectual property, patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights, 5th ed. pp28-32.
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